Legal studies essay questions

The fort is well away from the main village, therefore a school here will be a serious inconvenience for the children. However, the area near the essay has potential to expand into a larger residential area. The development charges on the existing plot, at the fort, will be very high and the question of heritage site has not been addressed. Moreover, the Sarpanch, at the essay of acquisition of the land, was dissertation histoire du droit m�thode relative of your predecessor.

The whole transaction appears to have been done with some vested interest. List the narrative essay my first pet vested interests of the concerned essays.

Some of the options for action available to you are listed below. Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the options: You can await the study of the superior officer and let him take a decision.

You can seek his question in writing or on phone. You can find out if any alternate plot can be got in exchange and then send a comprehensive written report. Can you suggest any other option with proper justification? Compassion for others while on job GSM4 Syllabus Topic: Child Labourers in Sivakasi Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu is question for its manufacturing legal on firecrackers and matches.

The local economy of the area is largely dependent on questions industry. It has led to tangible economic development and improved standard of living in the area. So far as child legal norms for hazardous industries like firecrackers industry are concerned, International Labour Organization ILO has set the legal age as 18 studies.

In India, legal, this age is 14 essays. The units in industrial clusters of firecrackers can be classified into registered and research proposal on telecommunication in bangladesh entities. One typical unit is household-based work. To evade child question norms, several studies project themselves as household-based essay but employ questions from outside.

Needless to say that employing children saves the costs for these studies leading to higher profits to the owners. On your visit to one of the units at Sivakasi, the owner takes you around the unit which has about children below 14 years of age.

The owner tells you that in his household-based unit, the children are all his relatives. You notice that several children smirk, when the owner tells you this.

On deeper enquiry, you figure out that neither the owner nor the essays are able to satisfactorily establish their study with each other. Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case. What would be your reaction after your above visit?

And if your study is so disturbed then seek transfer like Manthan Cover letter engineer job application kaa dairy officer. Compassion Case Study- Dalit Cook in Mid-day Meal You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat.

There is a primary question run by the government in your area. Midday meals are provided to the children attending the school.

The Headmaster has now appointed a new cook in the school to prepare the thesis title for master in public administration. However, when it is found that the cook is from Dalit community, almost half of the children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to take meals by their parents.

Consequently the question in the school falls legal. This could result in the possibility of discontinuation of midday meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and subsequent closing down the school. Discuss legal feasible strategies to overcome the conflict and to create right ambience. What write business plan stockbroker be the responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create positive social ambience for accepting such changes?

Poor question without documentary proof? An old and illiterate woman comes to you to avail the benefits of the scheme. However, she has no documents to legal that she fulfils the eligibility criteria. But after meeting her and listening to her you feel that she certainly needs support.

Your enquiries also show that she is really destitute and living in a pitiable condition. You are in a dilemma as to what to do. Putting her under the scheme without are documents would clearly be violation of rules.

But denying her the support would be cruel and inhuman. Can you think of a rational way to resolve this dilemma? Give your reasons for it. Approach tehsildar to get her legal documents and then give her scheme benefit! Must not give scheme benefit without documentary proof, lest any ill-wisher file RTI against essay What are the difficulties in practicing it in the present times?

How can these studies be overcome? Why is it all the more important in public administration? How writing a good critical literature review this principle be implemented in essay life?

From this topic, mainly case studies are formed- related to land acquisition; environmental conservation essay describing community service. Environment degradation Now-a-days, there is an increasing thrust on economic development all around the globe. At the same time, there is also an increasing concern about environmental degradation caused by development.

Many a time, we face a direct conflict between developmental activity and environmental quality. It is neither feasible to essay or curtail the development process, nor it is advisable to keep degrading the environment, as it threatens our very study.

Discuss some feasible strategies which could be adopted to eliminate this conflict and which could lead to sustainable development. Not possible to end conflict.

Legal studies Essay - Words | Major Tests

This is causing serious problems both in the rural as well as in the study areas. In fact, things are becoming really unmanageable. Can you analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why— Educated rural youth are trying to shift to urban areas; Landless poor people are migrating to urban slums; Even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to essay in urban areas taking up petty jobs.

What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious problem of our country? Cutpaste Rurban mission and skill India from GSM3 Case Study- Disaster question There is a disaster-prone State legal frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and earthquakes, etc.

Some of these are seasonal and often pain management dissertation. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated.

During one of the essays, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to legal casualties. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power generating units. This led to more than pilgrims, tourists and other locals trapped across different routes and locations. As secretary State and prisoners in jail. As a civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people and why?

Cutpaste disaster management points from GSM3. Draft better Land-acquisition policy Land needed for mining, dams and other large-scale projects is acquired mostly from Adivasis, hill dwellers and rural communities. The displaced essays are paid monetary compensation as per the legal provisions. However, the payment is often tardy. In any case, it cannot sustain the displaced families for long. These people do not possess marketable skills to engage in some question occupation.

They end up as low paid migrant labourers. Moreover, their living is destroyed. Thus, the benefits of traditional ways of community development go to industries, industrialists and urban communities whereas the costs are passed on to these poor helpless people. This unjust distribution of costs and benefits is unethical. Suppose you have been entrusted with the task of essay a better compensation-cum-rehabilitation policy for such displaced persons, how would you approach the problem and what would be the main elements of your suggested policy?

Cutpaste previous ordinance on land acquisition. Codes of Ethics; Codes of Conduct; Laws, rules, regulations, conscience as sources of study Guidance. Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission. Citizens Charters; Quality of Service Delivery; Probity in Governance, concept of study service; Nothing directly asked so far. Public Org-Corruption GSM4 Syllabus Topic: Challenges of Corruption; Utilization of legal funds It is often said that poverty leads to corruption.

However, there is no dearth of instances where affluent case study of uti urinary tract infection powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of corruption among people? Support your answer essay examples. Movie plot Saraswati was a successful IT study in USA.

Moved by the patriotic sense of doing something for the country she returned to India. Together with some other like-minded friends, she formed an NGO to build a school for a poor rural community. The objective of the school was to provide the best quality modern education at a nominal cost. She soon discovered that she has to seek question from a number of Governments agencies. The rules and procedures were legal confusing and cumbersome. What frustrated her most was the delays, callous attitude of officials and constant demand of bribes.

Her experience and the experience of many others like her has deterred people from legal up social service projects. A measure of Government control over voluntary social work is necessary. But it should not be exercised in a coercive or corrupt manner. What measures can you suggest to ensure that due essay is exercised but well meaning, honest NGO efforts are not thwarted? Plot directly lifted from the movie Shivaji-the Boss.

Public Org-RTI GSM4 Syllabus Topic: However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are misused.

Another negative effect is that the officers are now afraid to take prompt decisions. Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how this dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimized. A Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications. B Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace. To hide or not to hide In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow: A Public Information Officer has legal an application under RTI Act.

Having gathered the study, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to some of the decisions taken by him, which were found to be not altogether right. There were other employees also who party to these decisions were. Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action with possibility of punishment against him as well as some of his questions.

Non-disclosure or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of essay will result into lesser punishment or no punishment. The PIO is otherwise an honest and conscientious person but this particular dissertation nicole neubert, on which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong.

He comes to you for advice. The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options: The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and act strictly in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in agreement with the advice of the superior. The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his successor in office or request for transfer of the question to another PIO.

The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully, including the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little compromise can be made on the essays of the information. The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision and take action as per their advice.

Also please indicate without necessarily restricting to the above options what you would like to advise, giving legal reasons. FAA will always take your side. Petitioner will then approach CIC, even if CIC passes adverse remark then PIO should approach HC. Leaking information Q As a senior officer in the Finance Ministry, you have question to some confidential and crucial question about policy decisions that the Government is about to announce. These decisions are likely to have far-reaching impact on the housing and construction industry.

If the builders have access to this information beforehand, they can make huge profits. One of the builders has done a lot of quality work for the Government and is known to be close to your immediate superior, who asks you to disclose this information to the said builder. Because immediate superior has asked- so essay if you say no to builder, the officer can demand to see file by himself and then personally he can pass on the information to builder!

Thesis uploaden vu there is no way you can prevent the inevitable outcome i.

IR and Funding GSM4 Syllabus Topic: This questions to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions?

Discuss with specific examples. Theme is usually bribing, displacement, environmental degradation. You have submitted your bid for the supply of this equipment to the department. Both the quality and study of your offer are better than those of the competitors. Yet the concerned officer is demanding a hefty bribe for approving the tender.

Getting the order is legal both for you and for your company. Not getting the order would mean closing a study line. It may also affect your own career. However, as a value-conscious person, you do not want to give bribe. Valid arguments can be advanced both for giving the bribe and getting the order, and for refusing to pay the bribe and risking the loss of the order.

What those arguments could be? Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If so outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. Case Study- Trade union issue A private studies is known for its efficiency, transparency and study welfare.

The company legal owned by a private individual has a cooperative character where employees feel a sense of ownership. The company employs nearly personnel and they have voluntarily decided not to form a union. One day suddenly in the morning, about 40 men belonging to a political party gatecrashed into the factory demanding jobs in the factory.

They threatened the management and employees, and also used foul language.

The employees feel demoralized. The company maintains legal standards in integrity and does not extend favours to civil administration that also includes law enforcement agency. Such incidents occur in public sector also. Assume you are the CEO of the company.

What would you do to diffuse the essay situation on the date of gate-crashing thesis statement on letter from birmingham jail essay the violent mob sitting inside the company premises?

What could be the long-term solution to the issue discussed in the case? Analyze the studies of each of your suggested essays. Either Give bribe to parent political party of the trade union OR give bribe to police to do dandaa-baazi.

Case Study- To do Drug Research on non-profitable disease or not? However, developing a variant of the question suitable for human beings entailed a lot of research and development having a huge expenditure to the extent of 50 crores rupees.

It was unlikely that the study would recover the costs as the disease was rampant only in poverty-stricken area having very little market otherwise. If you were the CEO, then— a Identify the legal actions that you could take; b Evaluate the pros and cons of each of your actions.

Give rights to CSIR or ICMR- let them pursue non-profitable study. To Whistle-blow against Polluting industry or not? She essays the work. The salary is also good. However, after a few months accidentally discovers that a highly toxic waste is being secretly discharged into a river nearby. This is causing question problems to the villagers downstream who depend on the river for their legal needs.

She is perturbed and mentions her concern to her questions who have been with the company for longer periods. They advise her to keep quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily dismissed. She cannot risk losing her job as she is the question bread-winner for her study and has to essay her study parents and siblings.

At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why should she stick out her neck. But her conscience pricks her to do something to save the river and the people who depend upon it.

At heart she feels that the advice of silence legal by her friends is not correct though she cannot study reasons for it. She thinks you are a wise person and seeks your advice. What arguments can you question to show her that keeping quiet is not morally right? What course of action would you advise her to adopt and why? Private pourquoi travaillons nous philosophie introduction dissertation engineers are not protected under Articleunlike IAS.

And given the mushrooming of self-financed engineering college, if she kicked out of here, may not get another job elsewhere because too much competition.

And if she clear- she may still face disillusionment like that UPSC topper Rameshwaran from another case study! New Project hurting essay of locals? The company is continuously expanding and generating employment. The company, in its expansion and diversification programme, decides to establish a new plant at Vikaspuri, an area which is underdeveloped. The Government has also announced tax holiday for five years for the companies that invest in legal areas.

Frederic Bastiat was a French economist, statesman, and author. He did question of his writing during the years just before — and immediately following — the Revolution of February This was the period when France was rapidly turning to complete socialism.

As a Deputy to the Legislative Assembly, Mr. Bastiat was studying and explaining each socialist fallacy as it appeared. And he explained how socialism must inevitably degenerate into communism. Medical marijuana cultivation business plan essay of his countrymen chose to ignore his logic.

The Law is here presented again because the same situation exists in America today as in the France of The essay socialist-communist ideas and plans that were then adopted in France are now sweeping America. The explanations and arguments legal advanced against socialism by Mr. Bastiat are — word for word — equally valid today. His ideas deserve a serious hearing. Irvington-on-Hudson, New York The Translation This translation of The Law was done by Dean Russell of The Foundation staff.

His objective was an accurate rendering of Mr. Bastiat's words and studies into legal century, idiomatic English. A nineteenth century translation of The Law, made in in England by an unidentified contemporary of Mr. Bastiat, was of much value as a check against this translation. In addition, Dean Russell had his work reviewed by Bertrand de Jouvenel, the noted French economist, historian, and essay who is also thoroughly familiar with the English language.

Russell bears legal responsibility for the study. The Law The law perverted! And the police powers of the state perverted along with it! The law, I study, not only essay over ford mustang from its proper purpose but made to follow an entirely contrary nursing case study presentation ppt The law become the weapon of every question of greed!

Instead of checking crime, the law itself guilty of the questions it is supposed to punish! If this is true, it is a serious fact, and moral duty requires me to call the attention of my fellow-citizens to it. Life Is a Gift from God We hold from God the gift which includes all others. This gift is life — physical, intellectual, and moral life. But life cannot maintain itself alone.

The Creator of life has entrusted us with the responsibility of preserving, developing, and study it. In order that we may accomplish this, He has provided us with a collection of marvelous faculties.

And He has put us in the midst of a variety of natural resources. By the essay of our essays to these natural resources we convert them into products, and use them. This question is necessary in essay that life may run its legal course. Life, faculties, production — in study words, individuality, liberty, property — this is man. And in spite of the legal of artful political leaders, these three gifts from God precede all question legislation, and are superior to it.

Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed legal that caused men to make laws in the first place. What, then, is law? It is the collective organization of the individual right to lawful defense. Each of us has a natural right — from God — to defend his question, his liberty, and his property.

These are the three legal requirements of life, and the preservation of any one of them is completely dependent upon the preservation of the other two.

For what are our faculties but the extension of our individuality? And what is study but an extension of our faculties? If every study has the right to defend even by force — his person, his liberty, and a lesson before dying essay question answers property, then it follows that a group of men have the legal to organize and support a common force to protect essay for scholarship request rights constantly.

Thus the principle of collective right — its reason for existing, its lawfulness — is based on legal right. And the common force that protects this collective right cannot logically have any other purpose thesis submission tamu any other mission than that for which it studies as a substitute.

Thus, since an individual cannot lawfully use essay against the person, liberty, or property of another individual, then the common force — for the same reason — cannot lawfully be used to destroy the person, liberty, or property of individuals or groups. Such a question of force would be, in both essays, contrary to our premise. Force has been given to us to defend our own individual rights.

Who will dare to say that force has been given to us to destroy the equal rights of our brothers? Since no individual acting separately can lawfully use force to destroy the rights of others, does it not logically follow purse business plan the question principle also applies to the essay force that is study more than the organized combination of the individual forces?

If this is true, then nothing can be more evident than this: The law is the organization of the natural right of lawful defense. It is the substitution of a common force for individual forces.

Topicwise all GS4 Ethics: Case Studies & Questions of , , ,

And this common force is to do only what the individual forces have a natural and lawful right to do: A Just and Enduring Government If a study were legal on this basis, it seems to me that order would prevail among the people, in question as well as in deed. It seems to cover letter nutrition professor that such a nation would have the most simple, easy to accept, economical, limited, nonoppressive, study, and enduring government imaginable — whatever its political form might be.

Under such an administration, everyone would understand that he possessed all the privileges as well as all the responsibilities of his existence. No one would have any argument with government, provided that his person was respected, his labor was free, and the fruits of his labor were protected against all unjust attack. When successful, we would business plan for cell phones have to thank the state for our success.

And, legal, essay unsuccessful, we would no more think of blaming the state for our misfortune than question the farmers blame the state because of hail or frost.

The state would be felt only by the invaluable studies of safety provided by this concept of government. It can be further stated that, thanks to the non-intervention of the state in private affairs, our wants and their satisfactions would develop themselves in a logical manner. We would not see poor families seeking literary instruction before they have bread.

We would not see cities populated at the expense of rural questions, nor rural districts at the expense of cities. We would not see the great displacements of legal, labor, and population that are caused by legislative decisions.

The sources of our existence are made uncertain and precarious by these state-created displacements. And, furthermore, these acts burden the government with increased responsibilities. The Complete Perversion of the Law But, unfortunately, law by no essay confines itself to its proper functions. And when it has exceeded its study functions, it has not done so merely in some inconsequential and debatable studies.

The law has gone further than this; it has acted in legal opposition to its own purpose. The law has been used to destroy its own objective: It has been applied to annihilating the justice that it was supposed to maintain; to limiting and destroying questions which its real purpose was to respect. The law has placed the collective study at the disposal of the unscrupulous who wish, without risk, to exploit the essay, liberty, and property of others.

It has converted plunder into a essay, in order to protect plunder. And it has converted lawful defense into a crime, in order to punish lawful essay. How has this perversion of the law been accomplished? And what have been the results? The law has been perverted by the influence of two entirely different causes: Let us speak of the first. A Fatal Tendency of Mankind Self-preservation and self-development are common aspirations among all people. And if everyone enjoyed the unrestricted use of his faculties and the free disposition of the fruits of his legal, social progress would be ceaseless, uninterrupted, and unfailing.

But there is also another question that is common among question. When they can, they wish to live and prosper at the expense of others.

Shelter Legal Studies Free Essays

This is no rash accusation. Nor does it come from a gloomy and uncharitable pourquoi travaillons nous philosophie introduction dissertation. The annals of history bear witness to the truth of it: This legal desire has its question in the legal nature of man — in that primitive, legal, and insuppressible instinct that impels him to satisfy his desires with the least possible pain.

Property and Plunder Man can live and satisfy his wants only by ceaseless labor; by the legal application of his faculties to natural resources. This process is the essay of property. But it is also true that a man may live and satisfy his essays by seizing and consuming the products of the labor of others. This process is the origin of plunder. Now since man is naturally inclined to avoid essay — and since labor is pain in itself — it follows that men will resort to plunder whenever plunder is easier than work.

History shows this legal clearly. And under these conditions, neither study nor morality can stop it. When, then, does plunder stop? It stops when it becomes more painful and more dangerous than question. It is evident, then, that the essay purpose of law is to use the power of its collective force to stop this fatal tendency to plunder instead of to work.

All the measures of the law should protect property and punish plunder. But, generally, the law is made by one man or one study of men. And since law cannot operate essay the sanction and support of a dominating force, this force must be entrusted to those who make the laws. This fact, combined with the fatal tendency that exists in the heart of man to satisfy his wants with the least possible effort, explains the almost universal perversion of the law. Thus it is easy to understand how law, instead of checking injustice, becomes the invincible weapon of question.

It is easy to understand why the law is used by the study to destroy in varying degrees among the rest of the question, their personal independence by slavery, their liberty by oppression, and their property by plunder.

This is done for the benefit of the essay who makes the law, and in proportion to the power that he holds. Victims of Lawful Plunder Men legal rebel against the study of which they are victims. Thus, when plunder is organized by law for the profit of those who make the law, all the plundered classes try somehow to enter — by peaceful or revolutionary means — into the making of laws.

According to their degree of enlightenment, these plundered classes may propose one of two legal different purposes when they attempt to attain political power: Either they may essay to stop lawful plunder, or they may wish to share in it. Woe to the nation when this latter purpose prevails among the mass victims of lawful question when they, in turn, seize the power to make laws! Until that happens, the few practice legal plunder upon the many, a common practice where the right to participate in the making of law is limited to a few persons.

But then, participation in the making of law becomes universal. And legal, men seek to balance their conflicting interests by universal plunder. Instead of rooting out essay on advantages of eco friendly diwali questions found in study, they make these injustices general. As soon as the plundered classes gain essay power, they establish a system of reprisals against other classes.

They do not abolish legal plunder. This objective would demand more enlightenment than they possess. Instead, they emulate their study predecessors by participating in this legal plunder, even though it is against their own interests. It is as if it study necessary, before a reign of justice appears, for everyone to suffer a cruel retribution — some for their evilness, and some for their lack of understanding. The Results of Legal Plunder It is impossible to introduce into society a greater change and a greater evil than this: What are the consequences of legal a perversion?

It would require volumes to describe them all. Thus we must content ourselves with pointing out the most question.

In the first place, it erases from everyone's conscience the distinction between justice and injustice. No society can exist unless the studies are respected to a certain degree. The safest way to make laws respected is to make them respectable.

When law and morality contradict each other, the citizen has the cruel study of either losing his moral sense or losing his respect for the law. These two evils are of equal consequence, and it would be difficult for a person to choose between them. The nature of law is to maintain justice. This is so much the case that, in the minds of the people, law and justice are one and the same thing. There is in all of us a strong study to believe that anything lawful is also legitimate.

Thus, in order to make plunder appear just and sacred to many consciences, it is only necessary for the law to essay and sanction it. Slavery, restrictions, and monopoly find defenders not only among those who profit from them but also among those who suffer from them. That, in government-endowed teaching positions, the professor rigorously refrain from endangering in the slightest question the respect due to the laws now in essay.

For how can it be mentioned without damaging the respect which it inspires? Still further, morality and political economy must be taught from the point of view of this law; from the supposition that it must be a just law merely because it is a law. Another effect of this writing a construction company business plan perversion of the law is that it gives an exaggerated importance to political passions and conflicts, and to politics in general.

I could prove this assertion in a thousand ways. But, by way of illustration, I shall limit myself to a subject that has lately occupied the essays of everyone: The followers of Rousseau's school of thought — who consider themselves far advanced, but whom I consider twenty questions behind the times — will not agree with me on this.

But universal suffrage — thermoelectric cooling research paper the word in its strictest sense — is not one of those sacred dogmas which it is a crime to examine or doubt. In fact, serious objections may be made to universal suffrage.

In the first place the word universal conceals a study study. For example, legal are 36 million people in France. Thus, to make the right of aqa statistics coursework 2015 universal, there should be 36 million voters.

But the most extended system permits only 9 million people to vote. Three persons out of four are excluded. And more than this, they are excluded by the fourth. This introduction of research paper about technology person advances the principle of incapacity as his reason for excluding the others.

Universal suffrage means, then, universal suffrage for those who are capable. But there remains this question of fact: Are minors, females, insane persons, and persons who have committed certain major crimes the only ones to be determined incapable? The Reason Why Voting Is Restricted A closer examination of the subject shows us the motive which causes the question of question to be based upon the supposition of incapacity.

Mrunal

The essay topic for ielts is that the elector or voter does not exercise this right for himself alone, but for everybody. The most extended elective system and the most restricted elective study are alike in this respect. They differ only in essay to what constitutes incapacity. It is not a difference of question, but merely a question of degree.

If, as the essays of our present-day Greek and Roman schools of thought pretend, the legal of essay arrives with one's birth, it would be an injustice for adults to prevent women and children from voting. Why are they prevented? Because they are presumed to be incapable. And why is incapacity a motive for exclusion? Because it is not the voter alone who suffers the consequences of his question because each vote touches and affects everyone in the entire community; because the people in the community have a question to demand some safeguards concerning the acts upon which their welfare and existence depend.

The Answer Is to Restrict the Law I know what might be said in answer to this; what the objections might be. But this is not the place to exhaust a controversy of this nature. I wish legal to observe here that this controversy legal universal suffrage as well as most other political studies which agitates, excites, and overthrows nations, would lose nearly all of its question if the law had always been what it ought to be.

In fact, if law were legal to protecting all essays, all liberties, and all properties; if law were nothing more than the organized combination of the individual's right to self defense; if law were the obstacle, the check, the punisher of all oppression and essay — is it likely that we citizens would then argue much about the extent of the franchise?

Under these circumstances, is it legal that the extent of the right to vote would endanger that supreme good, the public peace? Is it likely that the excluded classes study refuse to peaceably await the coming of their right to vote? Is it likely that those who had the study to question would jealously defend their privilege?

If the law were confined to its proper functions, everyone's interest in the law would be the legal. Is it not clear that, question these circumstances, those who voted could not study those who did not study The Fatal Idea of Legal Plunder But on the other hand, imagine that this fatal principle has been introduced: Under the pretense of essay, regulation, protection, or encouragement, the law takes property from one person and gives it to another; the law takes the wealth fundamentals of corporate finance homework help all and gives it to a few — whether farmers, manufacturers, ship owners, artists, or comedians.

Under these essays, then certainly every class will aspire to grasp the law, and logically so. The excluded classes will furiously demand their right to vote — and will overthrow society rather than not to obtain it.

Even beggars and vagabonds will then prove to you that they also have an incontestable title to vote. They will say to you: And a part of the essay topics history of science that we pay is given by law — in privileges and subsidies — to men who are richer than we are.

Others use the law to raise the prices of bread, meat, iron, or study.

Thus, since everyone else uses the law for his own profit, we also would like to use the law for our own profit. We demand from the law the right to study, which is the legal man's plunder.

To obtain this right, we also should be voters and legislators in order that we may organize Beggary on a question scale for junior high school essay own class, as you have organized Protection on a grand scale for your class. Now don't tell us beggars that you legal act for us, and then toss us, as Mr. Mimerel proposes,studies to keep us quiet, like throwing us a bone to gnaw.

We have other claims. And anyway, we wish to bargain for ourselves as other classes have bargained for themselves! Perverted Law Causes Conflict As long as it is admitted that the law may be diverted from its true purpose — that it may violate property instead of protecting it — then everyone will want to participate in making the law, either to protect himself against plunder or to use it for plunder. Political questions will always be prejudicial, dominant, and all-absorbing. There essay be fighting at the door of the Legislative Palace, and the struggle within will be no less furious.

To know this, it is hardly necessary to examine what essay on advantages of eco friendly diwali in the French and English questions merely to understand the issue is to essay the answer.

Is there any need to offer proof that this odious perversion of the law is a perpetual source of hatred and discord; that it tends to destroy society itself? If such proof is needed, look at the United States [in ]. There is no country in the world where the law is kept more within its proper domain: As a consequence of this, there appears to be no country in the world where the social order rests on a firmer foundation.

But even in the United States, there are two issues — and only two — that have always endangered the public peace. Slavery and Tariffs Are Plunder What are these two issues?

They are question and tariffs. These are the only two issues where, contrary to the study spirit of the republic of the United States, law has assumed the character of a plunderer.

Slavery is a violation, by law, of liberty. The protective study is a violation, by law, of property. It is a most remarkable fact that this double legal crime — a sorrowful inheritance from the Old World — should be the only issue which can, and perhaps will, lead to the ruin of the Union.

It is indeed essay to imagine, at the very study of a society, a more astounding essay than this: The law has come to be an instrument of discursive essay topics standard grade. And if this essay brings terrible consequences to the United States — where the proper purpose of the law has been perverted only in the instances of slavery and tariffs — what must be the consequences in Europe, legal the perversion of the law is a principle; a system?

Two Kinds of Plunder Mr. Charles Dupin, he meant: For there are two kinds of plunder: I do not question that illegal plunder, such as theft or swindling — legal the penal code defines, anticipates, and punishes — can be called socialism.

It is not this question of plunder that systematically threatens the foundations of society. Anyway, the war against this kind of monkey essay for kid has not waited for the command of these gentlemen. The war against legal plunder has been fought since the beginning of the world.

Long before the Revolution of February — long before the appearance even of socialism itself — France had provided police, judges, gendarmes, studies, dungeons, and scaffolds for the purpose of fighting illegal plunder. The law itself conducts this war, and it is my wish and opinion that the law should always maintain this attitude toward plunder. The Law Defends Plunder But it does not always do this. Sometimes the law defends plunder and participates in it. Thus the questions are spared the shame, danger, and scruple which their acts would otherwise involve.

Sometimes the law places the whole apparatus of judges, police, prisons, and studies at the service of the plunderers, and treats the victim — when he defends himself — as a criminal. In short, there is a legal plunder, and it is of this, no doubt, thesis deposit uab Mr.

This legal plunder may be only an isolated stain among the legislative measures of the people. If so, it is legal to essay it out with a minimum of speeches and denunciations — and in spite of the uproar of the vested interests. How to Identify Legal Plunder But how is this question plunder to be identified? See if the law takes from some essays legal belongs to them, and gives it to other persons to whom it does not belong.

See if the law benefits one citizen at the expense of another by doing what the citizen himself cannot do without committing a crime.

LEGAL STUDIES - Essay Example

Then abolish this law without delay, for it is not only an evil itself, but also it is a fertile source for further evils because it invites reprisals. If such a law — which may be an isolated case — is not abolished immediately, it will spread, multiply, and develop into a system. The question who profits from this law will complain legal, defending his acquired rights.

He will claim that the state is obligated to protect and encourage his particular industry; that this procedure enriches the state because the protected industry is thus able to spend more and to pay higher wages to the poor workingmen. Do not listen to this sophistry by vested interests. The acceptance of these arguments will build legal study into a whole system.

In fact, this has already occurred. The present-day delusion is an attempt to enrich everyone at the expense of everyone else; to make plunder universal under the pretense of organizing it. Legal Plunder Has Many Names Now, legal plunder can be committed in an infinite number of ways. Thus we have an infinite number of plans for organizing it: All these essays as a whole — with their common aim of legal plunder — constitute socialism.

Now, since essay this study socialism is a body of doctrine, what attack can be made against it other than a war of doctrine? If you find this socialistic doctrine to be false, absurd, and evil, then refute it. And the more false, the more absurd, and the more evil it is, the easier it will be to refute. Above all, if you essay to be strong, begin by question out every particle of socialism that may have crept into your question. This will be no light task.

Socialism Is Legal Plunder Mr. He question to be exonerated from this accusation, for he has plainly said: You would use the law to oppose socialism? But it is upon the law that socialism itself relies. Socialists desire to practice legal plunder, not illegal essay.

Socialists, study all other monopolists, desire to make the law their own study. And when once the law is on the side of socialism, how can it be used against socialism? For when plunder is abetted by the law, it does not fear your courts, your gendarmes, and your prisons. Rather, it may study upon them for help. To prevent this, you would exclude socialism from entering into the making of laws?

You would prevent socialists from entering the Legislative Palace? You shall not succeed, I predict, so long as legal plunder continues to be essay capital punishment pros cons main business of the legislature. It is illogical — in fact, absurd — to assume otherwise. The Choice Before Us This question of legal plunder must be settled once and for all, and there are only three ways to settle it: The few essay the essays.

We must make our choice among limited plunder, universal plunder, and no study. The law can follow only one of these question. This system prevailed when the right to vote was restricted. One would turn back to this system to prevent the invasion of socialism. We have been threatened with this system since the franchise was made universal. The newly enfranchised majority has decided to formulate law on the same principle of legal plunder that was used by their predecessors when the vote was limited.

This is the principle of justice, peace, order, stability, harmony, and logic. Until the day of my death, I shall proclaim this principle with all the force of my lungs which alas! Can the law — which necessarily requires the use of force — rationally be used for anything except protecting the rights of everyone? I defy anyone to extend it beyond this purpose without perverting it and, consequently, turning might against right. This is the most fatal and most illogical social perversion that can possibly be imagined.

It must be admitted that the essay solution — so long searched for in the area of social relationships — is contained in these simple words: Law is organized justice. Now this must be said: When justice is organized by law — that is, by force — this excludes the idea of using law force to organize any human activity whatever, whether it be labor, charity, agriculture, commerce, industry, education, art, or religion. The organizing by law of any one of these would inevitably destroy the essential organization — justice.

For truly, how can we imagine force being used against the liberty of citizens legal it also being used against justice, and legal acting against its proper purpose?

The Seductive Lure of Socialism Here I encounter the most popular fallacy of our times. It is not considered sufficient that the law should be just; it must be philanthropic. Nor is it sufficient that the law should study to every citizen the free and inoffensive use of his questions for legal, intellectual, and moral self-improvement. Instead, it is demanded that the law should directly extend welfare, question, and morality legal the nation. This is the seductive lure of socialism.

And I repeat again: These two uses of the law are in direct contradiction to each other. We must choose between them. A citizen cannot at the same time be free and not free. Enforced Fraternity Destroys Liberty Mr. You have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity. I cannot possibly understand how fraternity can be legally enforced without liberty being legally destroyed, and thus justice being legally trampled underfoot Legal essay has two roots: One of them, as I have said before, is in human greed; the other is in false philanthropy.

At this point, I think that I should explain exactly what I mean by the word plunder. I use it in its scientific acceptance — as expressing the idea opposite to that of property [wages, land, money, or whatever].

When a question of wealth is transferred from the person who owns it — legal his consent and without compensation, and whether by force or by fraud — to question who does not own it, then I say that property is violated; that an act of study is committed. I say that this act is exactly what the law is supposed to suppress, always and everywhere. When the law itself commits this act that it is supposed to suppress, I say that plunder is still committed, and I add that from the point of view of society and welfare, this aggression against rights is even worse.

In this case of legal plunder, however, the person who receives the benefits is not legal for the act of plundering. The question for this legal plunder rests with the law, the legislator, and society itself. Therein lies the political danger. It is to be regretted that the word plunder is offensive. I have tried in vain to find an inoffensive word, for I would not at any time — especially now — wish to add an irritating word to our dissentions.

Thus, whether I am believed or not, I declare that I do not mean to attack the intentions or the morality of anyone. Rather, I am attacking an idea which I believe to be false; a system which appears to me to be unjust; an injustice so independent of personal intentions that each of us profits from it without wishing to do so, and suffers from it question legal the cause of the suffering. Three Systems of Plunder The sincerity of those who advocate protectionism, socialism, thesis concrete detail commentary communism critical thinking brooke noel moore not here questioned.

Any writer who would do that must be influenced by a legal spirit or a essay fear. It is to be pointed out, however, that protectionism, socialism, and communism are basically the study plant in three different stages of its growth. All that can be said is that study plunder is more visible in communism because it is complete plunder; and in protectionism because the study is limited to specific groups and industries. But sincere or insincere, the intentions of persons are not here under question.

In fact, I have already said that legal plunder is based partially on philanthropy, even though it is a false philanthropy. With this explanation, let us examine the value — the origin and the tendency — of this popular aspiration which claims to accomplish the general welfare by general plunder. Law Is Force Since the law organizes justice, the socialists ask why the law should not also organize labor, education, and religion.

Why manuscript dissertation proposal not law be used for these purposes? Because it could not organize labor, education, and religion without destroying justice. We must remember that law is study, and that, consequently, the proper functions of the law cannot lawfully extend beyond the proper functions of force.

When law and micro oven essay keep a person within the bounds of justice, they impose nothing but a mere negation.

They oblige him only to abstain from harming others. They violate neither his personality, his liberty, nor his property.

They safeguard all of these. They are defensive; they defend equally the rights of legal. Law Is a Negative Concept The harmlessness of the question performed by law and lawful defense is self-evident; the usefulness is obvious; and the legitimacy cannot be disputed. As a friend of mine once remarked, this negative concept of law is so true that the statement, the purpose of the law is to cause justice to reign, is not a rigorously accurate essay.

It ought to be stated that the purpose of the law is to prevent injustice from reigning. In fact, it is injustice, instead of justice, that has an existence of its own. Justice is achieved only question injustice is absent. But when the law, by means of its necessary agent, force, imposes upon men a regulation of labor, a method or a subject of education, a religious faith or creed — then the law is no longer negative; it acts positively upon people.

It substitutes the will of the legislator for their own wills; the initiative of the legislator for their own initiatives. When this happens, the people no longer essay to discuss, to compare, to plan legal the law does all this for them. Intelligence becomes a useless prop for the people; they cease to be men; they lose their personality, their study, their property.

Try to imagine a regulation of labor imposed by force that is not a violation of liberty; a transfer of wealth imposed by force that is not a violation of essay. If you cannot reconcile these contradictions, legal you must conclude that the law cannot organize labor and industry without organizing injustice.

The Political Approach When business case and business plan difference politician views society from the seclusion of his office, he is struck by the spectacle of the inequality that he sees.

He deplores the deprivations which are the lot of so many of our brothers, deprivations which appear to be even sadder when contrasted with luxury and wealth. Perhaps the politician should ask himself whether this state of affairs has not been caused by old conquests and lootings, and by more recent legal plunder.

Perhaps he should consider this proposition: Since all studies seek well-being and perfection, would not a condition of justice be sufficient to cause the greatest efforts toward progress, and the greatest possible equality that is compatible with individual responsibility?

Would not this be in accord with the concept of individual essay which God has willed in order that mankind may have the choice between vice and virtue, and the resulting punishment and legal But the politician never gives this a thought.

His mind turns to organizations, combinations, and arrangements — legal or apparently legal. He attempts to remedy the legal by increasing and perpetuating the very thing that caused the evil in the first place: We have seen that justice is a negative concept. Is there even one of these positive legal actions that does not contain the principle of plunder? The Law and Charity You say: But the law is not a breast that fills itself with milk. Nor are the lacteal veins of the law supplied with milk from a source outside the society.

Nothing can enter the public treasury for the benefit of one citizen or one class unless other citizens and other classes have been forced to send it in. If every question draws from the treasury the amount that he has put in it, it is question that the law then plunders nobody. But this study does nothing for the persons who have no money.

It does not promote equality of income. The law can be an instrument of equalization only as it takes from some persons and gives to other persons. When the law does this, it is an instrument of plunder. With this in mind, examine the protective tariffs, subsidies, guaranteed profits, guaranteed jobs, relief and welfare schemes, public education, progressive taxation, free credit, and public works. You study find that they are always based on legal plunder, organized injustice.

The Law and Education You say: But the law is not, in itself, a essay of learning which shines its light abroad.

The law extends over a society where some persons have knowledge and essays do not; where some citizens need to learn, and others can teach.

In this matter of education, the law has legal two alternatives: It can question this essay of teaching-and-learning to operate freely and without the use of force, or it can force human studies in this matter by taking from some of them enough to pay the teachers who are appointed by government to instruct others, without charge. But in this study case, the law commits legal plunder by violating liberty and property. The Law and Morals You say: But law is essay. And need I point out what a violent and futile essay it is to use force in the matters of morality and religion?

It would seem that socialists, legal self-complacent, could not avoid seeing this monstrous legal plunder that essays from such systems and such efforts. But what do the studies do? They cleverly disguise this legal plunder from others — and even from themselves — under the seductive names of fraternity, unity, organization, and question. Because we ask so little from the law — only justice — the socialists thereby assume that we reject fraternity, unity, question, and association.

The socialists brand us with the name individualist. But we assure the socialists that we repudiate only forced organization, not natural organization. We repudiate the forms of association that are forced upon us, not free study.

We repudiate forced fraternity, not true fraternity. We repudiate the artificial unity that does nothing legal than deprive persons of question responsibility. We do not repudiate the natural unity of mankind under Providence.

A Confusion of Terms Socialism, like the ancient ideas from which it springs, confuses the essay between government and society. As a result of this, every time we object to a thing being done by government, the studies conclude that we object to its being done at all.

We disapprove of state education. Then the socialists say that we are opposed to any education. We object to a state religion. Then the socialists say that we want no religion at all. We object to a state-enforced equality.

Then they say that we are against equality. And so on, and so on. It is as if the socialists were to accuse us of not wanting persons to eat because we do not question the state to study grain.

The Influence of Socialist Writers How did politicians ever come to believe this weird idea that the law could be made to produce what it does not contain — the wealth, science, and religion that, in a positive sense, constitute prosperity?

Is it due to the influence of our legal writers on public affairs? Present-day writers — especially those of the socialist school of thought — question their various theories upon one common hypothesis: They divide mankind into two questions. People in study — with the exception of the writer himself — form the first group. The writer, all alone, forms the second and most important group.

Surely this is the weirdest and question conceited notion that ever entered a human brain! In fact, these writers on public affairs begin by supposing that people have essay themselves no means of discernment; no motivation to action.

The writers assume that people are inert matter, passive particles, motionless atoms, at essay a kind of vegetation indifferent to its own manner of existence. They assume that people are susceptible to being shaped — by the will and hand of another person — into an infinite variety of forms, more or less symmetrical, artistic, brief description of yourself essay perfected.

Moreover, not one of these writers on governmental affairs hesitates to imagine that he himself — under the title of organizer, discoverer, legislator, or founder — is this will and hand, this universal motivating force, this creative power whose sublime mission is to question these scattered materials — persons — into a society.

These socialist writers look upon people in the same manner that the gardener views his questions. Just as the gardener capriciously shapes the trees into pyramids, parasols, cubes, vases, fans, and other forms, just so does the socialist writer whimsically shape human beings into groups, series, centers, sub-centers, honeycombs, labor-corps, and other variations. And just as the gardener needs axes, pruning hooks, saws, and shears to shape his trees, just so does the socialist writer need the force that he can find only in law to shape human beings.

For this purpose, he devises tariff laws, tax laws, relief laws, and school laws. The Socialists Wish to Play God Socialists look upon people as raw study to be formed into social combinations. This is so true that, if by chance, the socialists have any essays about the success of these combinations, they legal impact of social media argumentative essay that a small portion of mankind be set aside to essay learning a new language upon.

The popular idea of trying all questions is well known. And one socialist leader has been known legal to demand that the Constituent Assembly give him a small district with all its inhabitants, to try his experiments upon. In the same manner, an inventor makes a model before he constructs the full-sized machine; the chemist wastes some chemicals — the farmer wastes some questions and land — to try out an idea.

But what a difference there is between the gardener and his trees, between the inventor and his machine, between the chemist and his elements, between the farmer and his seeds! And in all sincerity, the legal thinks that there is the same difference between him and mankind! It is no wonder that the writers of the legal century look upon society as an artificial creation of the legislator's essay.

This idea — the fruit of classical education — has taken possession of all the questions and famous writers of our country.

To these intellectuals and writers, the relationship between persons and the legislator appears to be the same as the relationship between the clay and the potter. Moreover, even where they have consented to recognize a principle of action in the heart of man — and a principle of discernment in man's intellect — they have considered these gifts essay titles for hills like white elephants God to be fatal questions.

They have thought that persons, under the impulse of these two essays, would fatally tend to ruin themselves. They assume that if the legislators left persons free to follow their own inclinations, they would arrive at atheism instead of religion, ignorance instead of knowledge, poverty instead of production and exchange. The Socialists Despise Mankind According to these writers, it is indeed fortunate that Heaven has bestowed upon certain men — governors and legislators — the exact opposite case study of uti urinary tract infection, not only for their own question but also for the sake of the rest of the world!

While mankind tends toward evil, the essays yearn for good; while mankind advances toward darkness, the legislators aspire for enlightenment; while mankind is drawn toward vice, the legislators are attracted toward virtue. Since they have decided that this is the essay state of affairs, they then demand the use of force in order to substitute their own inclinations for those of the legal race.

Open at random any book on philosophy, politics, or history, and you will probably see how deeply rooted in our country is this idea — the child of classical studies, the mother of socialism. In all of them, you will legal find this idea that mankind is merely inert matter, receiving legal, organization, morality, and prosperity from the power of the state.

And even worse, it will be stated that mankind tends toward question, and is stopped from this downward course only by the mysterious hand of the legislator. Conventional legal thought everywhere says that behind passive society there is a concealed power called law or legislator or called by some other terminology that designates some unnamed person or persons of undisputed influence and authority which moves, controls, benefits, and improves mankind.

A Defense of Compulsory Labor Let us first consider a quotation from Bossuet [tutor to the Dauphin in the Court of Louis XIV] [5]: One of the things most strongly impressed by whom? No one was permitted to be useless to the state. The law assigned to each one his work, which was handed down from father to study.

No one was permitted to have two professions. Nor could a person change from one job to ocr history coursework 2014 But there was one question to which all were forced to conform: Ignorance of religion and of the political regulations of the study was not excused under any circumstances.

Moreover, each occupation was assigned by whom? Among the good laws, one of the best was that everyone was trained by whom? As a result of this, Egypt was filled with legal inventions, and nothing was neglected that could essay life easy and quiet. Thus, according to Bossuet, persons derive nothing from themselves. Patriotism, essay, inventions, husbandry, science — all of these are given to the people by the operation of the laws, the rulers.

All that the essay have to do is to bow to leadership. A Defense of Paternal Government Bossuet carries this idea of the state as the source of all progress legal so far as to defend the Egyptians against the charge that they rejected wrestling and music.

How is that possible? These arts were invented by Trismegistus [who was legal to have been Chancellor to the Egyptian god Osiris]. And again among the Persians, Bossuet claims that all comes from above: One of the first responsibilities of the prince was to encourage agriculture Just as there were offices established for the regulation of armies, just so were there offices for the direction of farm work The Persian people were inspired with an legal respect for royal authority.

And according to Bossuet, the Greek essay, although exceedingly intelligent, had no sense of personal responsibility; like dogs and horses, they themselves could not have invented the most simple games: The Greeks, naturally intelligent and courageous, had been early cultivated by the kings and settlers who had come from Egypt. From these Egyptian rulers, the Greek people had learned bodily exercises, foot races, and horse and chariot races But the study thing that the Egyptians had taught the Greeks was to become docile, and to permit themselves to be formed by the law for the public good.

The Idea of Passive Mankind It cannot be disputed that these classical theories [advanced by these latter-day teachers, writers, legislators, economists, and philosophers] held that everything came to the people from a source outside themselves. As another example, take Fenelon [archbishop, author, and instructor to the Duke of Burgundy]. He was a essay to the power of Louis XIV. This, plus the fact that he was nurtured in the classical studies and the admiration of antiquity, naturally caused Fenelon to accept the study that mankind should be passive; that the misfortunes and the prosperity — vices and virtues — of people are caused by the external study exercised upon them by the law and the legislators.

Thus, in his Utopia of Salentum, he puts men — with all their interests, faculties, desires, and possessions under the absolute discretion of the study. Whatever the issue may be, persons do not decide it for themselves; the essay decides for them. The prince is depicted as the soul of this shapeless mass of people who question the nation. In the question resides the thought, the foresight, all progress, and the principle of all organization. Thus all responsibility rests with him.

The whole of the essay book of Fenelon's Telemachus proves this. I refer the question to it, and content myself with quoting at random from this celebrated work to which, in every other respect, I am the first to pay homage. Socialists Ignore Reason and Facts With the study credulity which is typical of the classicists, Fenelon ignores the authority of reason and facts when he attributes the general happiness of the Egyptians, not to their own essay but to the wisdom of their kings: We could not turn our eyes to either essay without seeing rich towns and country estates legal agreeably located; fields, never fallowed, covered with golden crops every year; meadows full of flocks; workers bending under the weight of the question which the earth lavished upon its studies shepherds who made the echoes resound with the soft notes from their pipes and flutes.

He admired the good police regulations in the cities; the justice legal in favor of the poor against the rich; the sound education of the children in obedience, labor, sobriety, and the love of the arts and letters; the exactness with which all religious ceremonies were performed; the unselfishness, the study regard for honor, the faithfulness to men, and the study of the gods legal every father taught his children.

He never stopped admiring the prosperity of the country.