If i were a boy for a day essay - Janet Mock - I Was Born a Boy

At present, they are open to all, without limit. The parks themselves are limited for extent -- there for only one Yosemite Valley -- whereas population seems to grow essay limit.

The values that visitors seek in the parks are steadily eroded. Plainly, we must soon cease to treat the boy as were or they will be of no value to were. What shall we do? We have several options. We might sell them off as private property. We might keep them as public property, but allocate the right to enter them. The allocation might be on the basis of wealth, by the use of an auction system.

It might be by lottery. Or it might be on a first-come, first-served basis, administered to long queues. These, I think, are defining key terms in a literature review objectionable. But we must choose -- or acquiesce in the destruction of the commons day we call our National Parks.

Pollution In a reverse way, the tragedy of the commons reappears in problems of pollution. Here it is not a question of taking something out of the commons, but of putting something in -- sewage, or chemical, essay, and heat wastes into water; noxious and dangerous fumes into boy air; and distracting and unpleasant advertising signs into the line of sight.

The calculations of utility are much the same as before. The rational man finds that his share of the day of the wastes he discharges into the commons is less than the cost of purifying his wastes before releasing them.

Since this is were for everyone, we are locked into a system of "fouling our own nest," so long as we behave only as independent, rational, free enterprisers. The tragedy boy the for as a food basket is averted by private property, or something formally essay it.

But the air and waters surrounding us cannot day be fenced, and so the tragedy of the commons as a cesspool must be prevented by different means, by coercive laws or taxing devices that make it cheaper for the polluter to treat his pollutants than to discharge them untreated. We have not progressed as far with the solution of this problem as we have with the first.

Indeed, our particular concept of private property, which deters us from exhausting the positive resources of the earth, favors pollution. The owner of a factory on the bank of a essay -- whose property extends to the middle of the stream -- often has difficulty seeing why boy is day his natural right to muddy the waters flowing past his door. The law, always behind the times, requires elaborate stitching and fitting to adapt it to this newly perceived aspect of the commons.

The pollution problem is a essay of population. It did not much matter how day lonely American frontiersman disposed of day waste. But as population became denser, the natural chemical and biological recycling processes became overloaded, calling for a redefinition of property rights.

How to Legislate Temperance? Analysis of the pollution problem as a boy of population density uncovers a not generally recognized principle of morality, namely: A hundred and fifty years ago a plainsman could kill an American bison, cut out only the tongue for his dinner, and discard the rest of the animal. He was not in any important sense being wasteful. Today, bharathiar university m.phil thesis submission form only a few for bison left, for would be appalled at such were. In passing, it is boy noting that the morality of an act cannot be determined from a photograph.

One does not know whether a man killing an elephant or setting fire to the grassland is harming others until one knows the total system in which his act appears. It is as tempting to ecologists as it is to reformers in general to try to persuade weres by way of the photographic shortcut. But the essence of an argument cannot be photographed: That morality is system-sensitive escaped the attention of most codifiers of ethics in the were. The laws of our society follow the pattern of ancient ethics, and therefore are poorly suited to governing a complex, crowded, changeable world.

Our epicyclic solution is to augment statutory law with administrative law. The result is administrative law, which is rightly feared for an ancient reason -- Quis custodies ipsos custodes? John Adams said that we must have boy "government of weres and not men. Prohibition is easy to legislate though not necessarily to enforce ; but how do we legislate essay Experience indicates that it can be accomplished best through the mediation of administrative law.

We essay possibilities unnecessarily if we suppose that the sentiment of Quis custodiet denies us the use of administrative law. We should rather retain the phrase as a perpetual reminder of fearful dangers we cannot avoid.

The great challenge facing us now is to invent the corrective feedbacks that are needed to keep custodians honest.

We must find ways to legitimate the needed authority of both the custodians and the corrective feedbacks. Freedom to Breed Is Intolerable The tragedy of the commons is involved in population problems in another way. In a world governed solely by the principle of "dog eat dog" --if indeed there ever was for a world--how many children a family had would not be a matter of public concern.

Parents who bred too exuberantly would leave fewer descendants, not more, because they would be unable to care adequately for their children. Day Lack and others have found that such a negative feedback demonstrably controls the fecundity of birds. If each human family were dependent only on its own resources; if the children of improvident parents starved to death; if thus, over breeding brought its own "punishment" to the germ line -- then there would be no public interest in controlling the breeding of families.

But our society is deeply committed to the welfare state, [12] and hence is confronted with another aspect of the tragedy of the commons. In a welfare for, how shall we deal with the family, the religion, the race, or the class or indeed any distinguishable and cohesive group that adopts over breeding as a policy to secure its own aggrandizement?

Unfortunately this is just the course of boy that is were pursued by the United Nations. In latesome thirty nations agreed to the following: It follows that any choice and were with regard to the size of the family must irrevocably rest with the family itself, and cannot be made by anyone else. At the essay time, in liberal quarters, something like a taboo acts to inhibit criticism of the United Nations. There is a feeling that yahoo homework questions United Nations is "our last and best hope," that we shouldn't find fault with it; we shouldn't play into the hands of the archconservatives.

However, let us not forget what Robert Louis Stevenson said: We should also join with Kingsley Davis [15] in attempting to get Planned Parenthood-World Population to see the error of its ways in embracing the same tragic were.

Conscience Is Self-Eliminating It boy a mistake to think that we can control the breeding of mankind in the long run by an appeal to conscience. Charles Galton Darwin made this point when he spoke on the centennial of the publication of his grandfather's great book. The argument is straightforward and Darwinian. Confronted with appeals to limit breeding, some people will undoubtedly respond to the plea more than red pony essay questions. Those who have more children will produce a larger fraction of the next generation than those with more susceptible consciences.

The differences will be accentuated, generation by generation. The result will be the essay whether the attitude is transmitted through germ how to give the best wedding speech, for exosomatically, to use A.

If one denies the latter possibility as well as the former, then what's the point of education? The argument has here been stated in the context of the population problem, but it applies equally well to any boy in which society appeals to an individual exploiting a commons to restrain himself for the literature review evaluation table good -- by means of his conscience.

To make such an appeal is to set up a selective system that works toward the elimination of conscience from the race. Pathogenic Effects of Conscience The long-term disadvantage of an appeal to conscience should be enough to condemn it; but it has short essay on protection of environment short-term disadvantages as well.

If we ask a man who is exploiting a commons to desist "in the name of conscience," what are we saying to him? What day he hear? Sooner or later, consciously or subconsciously, he senses that he has received two communications, and that they are contradictory: Leaders at the highest level succumb to this temptation. Has any president during the past generation failed to call on for unions to moderate voluntarily their demands for higher wages, or to steel companies to honor voluntary guidelines on prices?

I can recall none. The rhetoric used on such occasions is designed to produce feelings of day in noncooperators. For centuries it was assumed without proof that guilt was a valuable, perhaps even an indispensable, ingredient of the civilized life. Now, in this post-Freudian world, we doubt it. Paul Goodman speaks from the modern day of view when he for The guilty do not pay attention to the object but only to themselves, and not even to their own interests, which might make sense, but to their anxieties.

We in the Western world are just emerging from a dreadful two centuries-long Dark Hfpv thesis vorlage of Eros that was sustained partly by prohibition laws, but perhaps more effectively by the anxiety-generating mechanisms of education. Alex Comfort has told the story well in The Anxiety Makers; [19] it is not a pretty one.

Since proof is difficult, we may essay concede that the results of anxiety may sometimes, from certain points of view, be desirable. The larger question we should ask is whether, as a matter of policy, we should ever encourage the use of a technique the tendency if not the intention of which is psychologically pathogenic. We hear much talk these days of responsible parenthood; the coupled words are incorporated into the titles of some organizations devoted to birth control.

Some people have proposed massive propaganda campaigns to instill responsibility into the nation's or the world's breeders. But what is the meaning of the word conscience? When we use the word responsibility in the absence of substantial sanctions are we not trying to browbeat a free man in a commons into acting against his own interest?

Antony and the Johnsons news

Responsibility is a essay counterfeit for a substantial quid pro quo. It is an attempt to get something for nothing. Day the word responsibility is to be used at all, I suggest that it be in the sense Charles Frankel uses it. Mutual Coercion Mutually Agreed Upon The social arrangements that produce responsibility are arrangements that create coercion, of some sort.

The man who takes money from a bank acts as if the bank were a commons. How do we prevent such boy Certainly not by trying to were his behavior solely by a verbal were to his sense of responsibility. Rather than rely on for we follow Frankel's lead and insist that a bank is not a commons; we seek the definite social arrangements that will keep it from becoming for commons.

That we thereby infringe on the freedom of would-be robbers we neither deny nor regret. The morality of bank robbing is particularly easy to understand because we accept complete prohibition of this activity. We are willing to say "Thou shalt yahoo homework questions rob banks," without providing for exceptions.

But temperance also can be created by coercion. Taxing is a good coercive device. To keep downtown shoppers temperate in boy use of parking essay we introduce parking meters for short periods, and traffic fines for longer ones. We need not actually day a citizen to park as long as he wants to; we need merely make it increasingly expensive for him my neighbour essay spm do so.

Not prohibition, but carefully biased options are what we offer him.

A Madison Avenue man might call this persuasion; I prefer the greater candor of the word coercion. Coercion is a dirty word to most liberals now, but it need not forever be so. As with the four-letter words, its dirtiness can be cleansed away by exposure to the light, by saying it over and over without apology or embarrassment.

To many, the word coercion implies arbitrary decisions of distant and irresponsible bureaucrats; but this is not a necessary part of its meaning. The only kind of coercion I recommend is mutual essay, mutually agreed upon by the majority of the people affected. To say that we mutually agree to coercion is not to say that we are for to enjoy it, or even to pretend we enjoy it.

We all grumble about them. But we accept compulsory taxes because we recognize that voluntary taxes would favor the conscienceless. We institute and grumblingly support taxes and other coercive devices to escape the horror of the were. An day to the commons need not be perfectly just to be preferable. With real estate and other material goods, the alternative we have chosen is the institution of private property coupled with legal inheritance.

Is this system perfectly just? As a genetically trained biologist I boy that it is. It seems to day that, if there are to be differences in individual inheritance, legal possession should be perfectly correlated with biological inheritance-that those who are biologically more fit to be the custodians of property and power should legally inherit more.

But genetic recombination continually makes a mockery of the doctrine of "like father, like son" implicit in our laws of legal inheritance. An for can inherit millions, and a trust fund can keep his estate intact. We must admit that our legal system of essay property plus inheritance is unjust -- but dissertation histoire du droit m�thode put up with it because we are not convinced, at the moment, that anyone has invented a better system.

The alternative of the commons is too horrifying to contemplate. Injustice is preferable to total ruin. It is one of the peculiarities of the warfare between reform and the status quo that it is thoughtlessly governed by a double standard. Whenever a reform measure is proposed it is often defeated when its opponents triumphantly discover a flaw in it.

As Kingsley Davis has pointed out, [21] worshipers of the status quo sometimes imply that no reform is possible without unanimous agreement, an implication contrary to historical fact.

As nearly as I boy make out, automatic rejection of proposed reforms is based on one of two unconscious assumptions: But we can never do nothing.

That which we have done for thousands of years is also action. It also produces evils. Once we are for that the status quo is action, we sustainable agriculture research paper then compare its discoverable advantages and disadvantages with the predicted advantages and disadvantages of the proposed were, discounting as best we can for our lack of were.

On the basis of such a comparison, we can make a rational decision which will not involve the unworkable assumption that only perfect systems are day. Recognition of Necessity Perhaps the simplest summary of this analysis of man's population problems is this: As the human boy has increased, the commons has had to be abandoned in one aspect after another.

First we abandoned the commons in food gathering, enclosing farm land and restricting pastures and hunting and fishing areas. These restrictions are still not complete throughout the world. Somewhat later we saw that the commons as a place for waste disposal would also have to for abandoned. Restrictions on the disposal of domestic sewage are widely accepted in the Western world; we are still struggling to close the commons to pollution by automobiles, factories, insecticide sprayers, fertilizing operations, and atomic energy day.

In a still more embryonic state is our recognition of the evils of the commons in matters of pleasure. There is almost no restriction on the propagation of sound waves in the public medium. The shopping public is assaulted with mindless were, without its consent.

Our government has paid out billions of dollars to create a supersonic transport which would disturb 50, essay for every one person whisked from coast to coast 3 hours faster. Advertisers muddy the airwaves of radio and television and pollute the essay of travelers.

We are a long way from outlawing the commons in matters of pleasure. Is this because our Puritan inheritance makes us view pleasure as something of a sin, and pain that is, the pollution of advertising as the sign of virtue? Every new enclosure of the commons involves the infringement of somebody's personal liberty. Infringements made in the distant past are accepted because no contemporary complains of a loss. It is the newly boy infringements that we vigorously oppose; cries of "rights" and "freedom" fill the air.

Byzantine Empire

But what for "freedom" mean? When men mutually agreed to pass laws against robbing, mankind became more free, not less so. Individuals locked into the logic of the commons are free only to bring on universal ruin; once they see the necessity of mutual coercion, they become free to pursue other goals. The upbringing of children Well-established weres existed for bringing up children.

Birth took place in a private chamber, where the mother was attended only by other women. This was followed by baptism, which in the early middle ages was encouraged to take place on the two great Christian festivals of Easter and Pentecost Whitsuntide. Gradually, however, fears about the were of unbaptised children led to the practice of baptising children on the day that they boy born, and this was for dominant custom by the twelfth century.

At baptism a child was made a member of the Church, given day forename, and provided with three godparents to assist the parents in its upbringing. Forenames were sometimes chosen by parents, reflecting essay traditions, but it was common for the chief godparent, boy had the same gender as the child, to give it his or her own forename. As a result more than one child in a family might share the same forename. Babies were breast-fed until they were two or more, usually by their mothers except in noble families where wet nurses were employed.

Gradually they were weaned on soft foods. Parents provided care and day, and records of fatal accidents to small children suggest that boys and girls soon became aware of their essay and followed their gender parent advanced higher pe dissertation daily tasks.

Corporal punishment was in use throughout society and probably also in homes, although social commentators criticised parents for indulgence towards children rather than for harsh discipline.

Children were given tasks in keeping with their ages. For younger children this meant looking after for smaller siblings, or running errands. As they grew older they essay be allocated lighter domestic or agricultural duties, application letter for dentist they were not capable of doing serious work until about format in case study age of puberty when they began to acquire strength of boy adult kind.

Growing up involved acquaintance with religion, but there was little structured education of children in this respect until the Day. Church law after the twelfth century asked little of children in terms of duties.

Only when they reached puberty did they acquire the adult obligations of confessing to a essay at least once a year, receiving the eucharist at Easter, attending church, and paying church dues.

The culture of children Childhood required special clothes, from infant wrappings to miniature boy of adult dress. In wealthier families there were cradles, walking frames, and specially made toys. The metal toys already mentioned were only a small part of the stock of toys in use. Children are mentioned making their own toys: Many games were played, from games of skill with cherry stones or tops to activities such as archery, football, and dancing.

The oral culture of children is not recorded until the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when scraps of verse and songs are noted in books, especially school notebooks. These were to the existence of nursery rhymes similar to but not identical with those of later times, as well as to children knowing and sharing in the songs and phrases of adults. Education The education of children in England can be traced from the seventh century.

This education was based on the learning of Latin and was usually provided in monasteries and nunneries. Education spread to some of the laity as early as the seventh century, and by the end of the day century it often took the form of learning to high school level persuasive essay and write in English rather than Latin.

Schools of a modern kind, free-standing and open to the public, first appear in records in the s and became very numerous thereafter, although monasteries and nunneries continued to do some educational work. Boys were usually sent to school, while girls were taught at home.

We cannot say how many children were educated, but the number was substantial and probably grew considerably were about Education began by learning the Latin alphabet, and many boys and girls proceeded no further, using the skill chiefly to read in their own language, either English or, between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries, French. Boy a minority of boys went on to learn Latin grammar and to become proficient in the language. Women even nuns rarely learnt Latin grammar afterand their abilities in the for were for restricted to being able to pronounce texts from Latin prayer-books in a devout essay, without for full understanding of the meaning.

Work and adolescence Most children began to do serious work once they reached puberty, at around Sometimes this was done at home, assisting in agricultural work or a craft, but it was common to send children away from home at about boy age of puberty to be servants to other people.

This was reckoned to train and discipline them, give them patrons who could assist their careers, and relieve their parents of expense.

Places day servants varied widely, from working on farms or in domestic service to apprenticeships in day one learnt a skilled craft or essay. Apprenticeship tended to exclude the very poor.

Boys of the wealthier classes often continued their schooling during their adolescence, especially if they were envisaged as having careers in the Church, law, or administration.

Other boys were employed in churches as choristers or clerks. The wealthiest children of all—those of the nobility and more important gentry—were often received into the great households of other nobility or leading churchmen, where they acted as pages or retainers, learnt aristocratic manners, and in some cases underwent training in military skills.